The importance of the speed of glucose absorption in the intestine is represented by the concept of the glycemic index, now studied for over thirty years, yet without having understood its great importance to health and wellness in human beings.

The underestimation of the glycemic index concept is due to the strong belief in the thermodynamic Cal (or Joule) concept, still in act in the food science.

The Bioimis program, however, considers monitoring the increase of sugar (glucose) after meals crucial.

Here are the baseline studies:

Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, et al. “Glycemic index of food: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange”. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 362-6.

Wolever TMS, Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL, Josse RG. “The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implication”. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 846-54.

Wolever TMS, Jenkins DJA. “The use of the glycemic index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals”. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43: 167-72.

Wolever T, Bolognesi C. “ Prediction of glucose and insulin response of normal subject consuming mixed meals varying in energy, protein, fat carbohydrate and glycemic index”. Nutrition 1992; 126: 2807-12.

Collier G. McLean A, O’Dea K. “Effect of co-ingestion of fat on the metabolic responses to slowly and rapidly absorbed carbohydrates”. Diabetologia 1984; 26: 50-4.

Bornet FR, Costagliola D, Rizkalla SW, et al. “Insulinemic and glycemic indexes of six starchy-rich foods taken alone and in a mixed meal by type 2 diabetics”. Am J Clin Nutr 1987: 45: 588-95.

Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Kalmusky J, et al. “Low-glycemic index diet in hyperlipidemia: use of trditional starchy foods”. Am J Clin Nutr 1987: 45: 66-71.

Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ, Vuksan V, Jenkins AL, Wong GS, Josse RG. “Beneficial effect of low-glycemic index diet in overweight NIDDM subjects”. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 562-4.

Wahlqvist ML, Wilmshurst EG, Richardson EN. “The effect of chain length on glucose absorption and the related metabolic response”. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 1998-2001.

Ludwig DS. “The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease”. JAMA 2002; 287: 2414-23.

Salmeron J, Ascherio A, Rimm E, Colditz G, Spiegelman D, Jenkins D, Stampfer M, Wing A, Willet W. “Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men”. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 545-50.

Brand-Miller JC, Thomas M, Swan V, et al. “Physiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean adults”. J Nutr 2003; 133: 2728-2732.

Liu S, Willet WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. “ A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and the risk of coronary heart disease in US women”. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 1455-61.

Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ et al. “Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women”. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 560-6.

Willet W, Manson J, Liu S. “Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes”. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76 (Suppl.): 274S-80S.

Opperman AM, Venter CS, Oosthuizen W, Thompson RL, Vorster HH. “Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycemic index in meal-planning.”Br J Nutr. 2004 Sep;92(3):367-81.

Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. “Long-term effects of low glycemic index/load vs. high glycemic index/load diets on parameters of obesity and obesity-associated risks: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013 Jun 17.